???? ???????: ??? ? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????. As outlined by a definition given in among the initially Iranian health-related textbooks named Hidayat al-Muta'allemin Fi al-Tibb (translated as 'A tutorial to healthcare Learners'), penned by Al-Akhawyni Bokhari during the tenth century, d

????? ? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????: ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? . ???? ?? ?????? ????: ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????

??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ? ????? ???????… ????? ??????. ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ????????????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ? ?????????? ?

??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????: ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????­ ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???????. ?????? ???? ???: ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ??????

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